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The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D (Church History), by Aristeides Papadakis, John Meyendorff
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Includes photos and index. Almost without exception, the "histories of the Church" available in print are, in fact, histories of Christianity in the West. References to the East have been brief and superficial at best. This volume - the fourth in a planned series of six and the second to appear - attempts to achieve a more balanced approach. Intended not only for students but also for a wider readership, The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy describes developments in the churches of East and West in the High Middle Ages. It examines major western movements, such as the revolutionary Reform Papacy, the crusades, scholasticism, and concilarism, and discusses their impact on the East. It explores the theological and spiritual currents spreading from Byzantium to the Orthodox Churches of the Balkans and Rus', which helped to maintain the identity and unity of the "Byzantine Commonwealth" even as the empire itself crumbled. It also presents the little-known story of the native Eastern Churches of Egypt, Ethiopia, Syria, Armenia, and Georgia. In the process, it exposes the many factors which contributed to Christian disunity in the Middle Ages and which made even attempts at reunion divisive. The volume therefore will challenge and stimulate not only church historians but also all who are concerned about issues of Christian unity today.Widely hailed for its fairness, objectivity, and sympathy, it too attempts to provide a comprehensive presentation of Christian history, from Ireland to the Indian Ocean, from Germany to Nubia.
- Sales Rank: #131595 in Books
- Published on: 1994-08-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x 6.00" w x 1.25" l, .2 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 424 pages
Review
Intended not only for students but also for a wider general readership, The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 describes developments in the Churches of East and West in the High Middle Ages. It examines major western movements, such as the revolutionary Reform Papacy, the crusades, scholasticism and concilarism, and discusses their impact on the East. It explores the theological and spiritual currents spreading from Byzantium to the Orthodox Churches of the Balkans and Rus, which helped to maintain the identity and unity of the "Byzantine Commonwealth" even as the empire itself crumbled. It also presents the little known story of the native Eastern Churches of Egypt, Ethiopia, Syria, Armenia and Georgia. In the process it exposes the many factors which contributed to Christian disunity in the Middle Ages and which made even attempts at reunion divisive. The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy therefore will challenge and stimulate not only church historians but also all who are concerned about issues of Christian unity today. --Midwest Book Review
About the Author
Dr Aristeides Papadakis is Professor Byzantine History at the University of Maryland (UMBC). He is the author of Crisis in Byzantium and has written extensively on Byzantine history.
Most helpful customer reviews
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Schism between East and West
By topoman
The period covered in this book is 1071-1453, the final "decline and fall of the Roman Empire". In 1071, both of the Byzantine Empire's deadliest enemies launched their initial attacks - the Turks at Manzikert and the Italian Normans in Greece. The Norman onslaught was intimately connected with the relationship between eastern and western Christianity and caused such a decline that the Empire could not resist the Turks.
In the West, the Saxon kings of Germany had demanded that the Pope restore Charlemagne's title as "Roman Emperor" and grant it to them. Consequently, these "Holy Roman Emperors" (the title actually originates later) interfered in the papacy in order to maintain their claim to be Roman Emperors, forcing their choice of German prelates on the church. Eventually the German Popes asserted themselves and claimed universal authority over all of Christianity and all Christians. They also established the rule that the Cardinal-Bishops, previously a less powerful set of advisers, would be the sole electors of successive popes.
In the middle of the eleventh century, a papal legation attempted to force the Patriarch of Constantinople to be subject to the Pope. The Eastern Church's position is that the Pope was one of five patriarchs, equal in power and independent, differing only in that the Pope was owed a higher degree of respect since his city was the founding city of the Roman Empire. Further, the government of the Church was instituted by the human race for human needs by the Church Councils and the Pope was not an infallible king. The legate (Cardinal Humbert) excommunicated the Patriarch and several other high officials.
This schism was not recognized as being irreparable at the time, but every attempt at reconciliation ran into Papal demands for submission.
Indeed, a friend of mine who is in the Roman Catholic clergy stated that the Catholic Church would welcome the Orthodox back into union and would only impose the "magisterium" of the Pope "lightly" - the very sticking point of the past millennium.
The Normans used these differences to arouse hatred toward the Empire during the course of the Crusades, eventually resulting in the diversion of the Fourth Crusade into the conquest of Constantinople, a catastrophe from with the Empire never fully recovered. The Fourth Crusade and the treatment of the Eastern Church by its western overlords solidified the schism.
The Crusades were devastating for not only the Orthodox, but also for the Copts (Egypt) and Nestorians (Syria, Persia and farther east) who had been quite numerous and had thrived under Muslim rule. The Crusades established the idea that Christians were the enemy of Islam and so these communities were subjected to severe persecution and were vastly reduced in size and influence.
The one permanent success of the Papacy in the East was the union with the Marionites of Lebanon, who are henceforth loyal Catholics.
The supposedly all powerful Papacy suffered itself from schism, first moving to Avignon, then splitting into two (Avignon and Rome) when the return to Rome was attempted and, finally three (Pisa, whose second and last Pope was John XXIII, whose Papacy was so controversial that the Catholic Church avoided this once popular Papal name for 500 years until a Pope decided to ignore him as an anti-pope and take the name and number for himself) before the split was finally healed. This split and the conciliar movement (Ecumenical Councils as a church "Parliament" to balance the Papal monarch), which was spawned then, were part of the background of the Reformation. Ironically, the theory of Papal absolutism resulted in, first, a separation from the non Latin Church and, second, in a substantial civil war and separation in the Latin Church itself.
The Eastern Church turned more metaphysical during this period. St. Gregory Palamas championed the idea that experience of the divine was possible for human beings. For an excellent discussion see The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church.
The West went in the opposite direction - Scholasticism, the idea that Theology could be derived from Axioms in the manner of geometry, prevailed.
In addition to the comprehensive coverage of the Greek and Latin Churches, there is fairly good coverage of the Slavic and Armenian Orthodox Churches.
The people at St. Vladimir's Press informed me that this book and Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 Ad (Church History ; 2) will be reprinted in the winter of 2007-8 and volume 1, part 1 of this series Formation And Struggles and volume 3 Greek East And Latin West: The Church AD 681-1071 (The Church in History) have appeared in the fall of 2007 with the rest of the series to follow.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Ignited my conversion process. Debunks R.Cath. Papal claims
By Eric Moss
This book helped me start my transition from Roman Catholicism to Orthodoxy. It is thoroughly documented and filled with sensible insight. It quickly became apparent that the Roman Papal claims don't have the facts on their side when it comes to supremacy and infallibility. I have this book along with the other two by Meyendorff (which is equally groundbreaking for R. Catholics) and also Louth's book, which is also good but doesn't have the intense documentation that Meyendorff and Papadakis show in their's.
This series is a excellent addition to Church history, and as it is made clear, the WHOLE Church history which includes the east. Awesome series.
19 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
Thorough treatment of the subject from Eastern perspective
By Joel Gee
Aristeides Papadakis' "The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy" is a fantastic work that deals with the subject of the Roman papacy trying to assert itself and its authority over the whole of Christendom.
The book is exhaustive in detail and meticulously notated. It took me quite some time to read because of the complexities of the subject. However, it is one of the best church history books I've ever read and an absolutely essential read. It tells the story of church history from the Eastern perspective and shows why the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted (and continues to resist) the papal claims of universal authority.
The Eastern Orthodox Church has always been conciliar in nature and refutes the "infallibility" claims of the papacy. He draws on Nicholas Cabasilas' view about the idea of papal infallibity as being a flawed concept. He asserts that the College of Cardinals can't give to the pope that which they don't possess (infallibility) and draws on the eastern view that a group of bishops ordains a bishop and can only invest that person with authority that they themselves possess.
It is an idea that is discussed at length. The book also shows a lot of the internal workings within the Byzantine empire and the Slavic kingdoms and how they dealt individually as well as collectively with the papacy. A truly amazing book that should be read by anyone wanting to see the view of the papacy from an Eastern perspective.
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